References: What is Artificial Intelligence?

References

Definitions and Classification

• OECD. Explanatory Memorandum on the Updated OECD Definition of an AI System. 2024. Official publication.
• OECD. OECD Framework for the Classification of AI Systems. OECD Digital Economy Papers, No. 323, 2022. DOI: 10.1787/cb6d9eca-en.
• European Union. Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (Artificial Intelligence Act), Article 3 and Recital 12. 2024. Official text.
• ISO/IEC. ISO/IEC 22989:2022 Information technology - Artificial intelligence - Artificial intelligence concepts and terminology. 2022. Standard record.

Foundational Research

• Turing, A. M. "Computing Machinery and Intelligence." Mind 59(236), 433-460, 1950. DOI: 10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433.
• McCarthy, J., Minsky, M. L., Rochester, N., and Shannon, C. E. A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence. 1955. Dartmouth archive.
• Russell, S. J., and Norvig, P. Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, 4th US edition. Pearson, 2021. Companion site.

Modern Models and Enterprise Systems

• Bommasani, R. et al. On the Opportunities and Risks of Foundation Models. Stanford Center for Research on Foundation Models, 2021. Full report.
• Tabassi, E. Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework (AI RMF 1.0). NIST AI 100-1, 2023. DOI: 10.6028/NIST.AI.100-1.
• NIST. Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework: Generative Artificial Intelligence Profile. NIST AI 600-1, 2024. DOI: 10.6028/NIST.AI.600-1.

Reading Guidance

Use the OECD memorandum for an operational system definition, Turing for the historical shift toward observable behavior, the Stanford report for Foundation Model terminology, and NIST AI RMF for the transition from model capability to system-level risk management.